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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and cannot pump blood effectively. [3] Symptoms vary from none to feeling tired, leg swelling , and shortness of breath . [ 2 ]
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
[16] [17] Approximately 60% of cases of cardiogenic shock during pregnancy or in the early postpartum period are caused by peripartum cardiomyopathy. [ 18 ] For these reasons, it is paramount that clinicians hold a high suspicion of PPCM in any peri- or postpartum patient where unusual or unexplained symptoms or presentations occur.
There are three types of cerclage: [6] A McDonald cerclage, described in 1957, is the most common, and is essentially a pursestring stitch used to cinch the cervix shut; the cervix stitching involves a band of suture at the upper part of the cervix while the lower part has already started to efface. [2]
Atherosclerosis [a] is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, [8] characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries.This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types and driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. [9]
In Ireland the rate was 26.1% in 2009. [118] In Italy, the incidence of caesarean sections is particularly high, although it varies from region to region. [119] In Campania, 60% of 2008 births reportedly occurred via caesarean sections. [120] In the Rome region, the mean incidence is around 44%, but can reach as high as 85% in some private clinics.
Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, [1] is a numeral system with sixty as its base.It originated with the ancient Sumerians in the 3rd millennium BC, was passed down to the ancient Babylonians, and is still used—in a modified form—for measuring time, angles, and geographic coordinates.
Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus. [5] Signs and symptoms classically include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, but fewer than 50 percent of affected women have both of these symptoms. [1]