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As of 2020, the thrust of the Merlin 1D Vacuum is 220,500 lbf (981 kN) [39] with a specific impulse of 348 seconds, [40] the highest specific impulse ever for a U.S. hydrocarbon rocket engine. [41] The increase is due to the greater expansion ratio afforded by operating in vacuum, now 165:1 using an updated nozzle extension. [40] [42]
Specific impulse should not be confused with energy efficiency, which can decrease as specific impulse increases, since propulsion systems that give high specific impulse require high energy to do so. [3] Specific impulse should not be confused with total thrust. Thrust is the force supplied by the engine and depends on the propellant mass flow ...
Engine Origin Designer Vehicle Status Use Propellant Power cycle Specific impulse (s) [a] Thrust (N) [a] Chamber pressure (bar) Mass (kg) Thrust: weight ratio [b] Oxidiser: fuel ratio AJ-10-190 USA: Aerojet: Space Shuttle, Orion, Apollo CSM: Active Upper N 2 O 4 /MMH: Pressure-fed: 316 [1] 26,689 [1] 8.62 [1] 118 [1] 23.08: Archimedes New ...
The engine runs on an expander cycle, running the turbopumps with waste heat absorbed from the main combustion process. This high-efficiency, waste heat based combustion cycle combined with the high-performance liquid hydrogen fuel enables the engine to reach a very high specific impulse of up to 465 seconds in a
Each version of the engine has a corresponding Raptor Vacuum (RVac) variant [78] with an extended, regeneratively-cooled nozzle for higher specific impulse in space. The vacuum-optimized Raptor targets a specific impulse of ≈380 s (3,700 m/s). [8] A full-duration test of version 1 of Raptor Vacuum was completed in September 2020 at McGregor. [78]
The designation for a specific motor looks like C6-3.In this example, the letter (C) represents the total impulse range of the motor, the number (6) before the dash represents the average thrust in newtons, and the number (3) after the dash represents the delay in seconds from propelling charge burnout to the firing of the ejection charge (a gas generator composition, usually black powder ...
SpaceX has developed two kerosene-based engines through 2013, the Merlin 1 and Kestrel, and has publicly discussed a much larger concept engine high-level design named Merlin 2. Merlin 1 powered the first stage of the Falcon 1 launch vehicle and is used both on the first and second stages of the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles.
In the 1960s, Rocketdyne test-fired an engine using a mixture of liquid lithium, gaseous hydrogen, and liquid fluorine to produce a specific impulse of 542 seconds, likely the highest measured such value for a chemical rocket motor. [2] Despite the high specific impulse, the technical difficulties of the combination and the hazardous nature of ...