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The difference between baud (or signaling rate) and the data rate (or bit rate) is like a man using a single semaphore flag who can move his arm to a new position once each second, so his signaling rate (baud) is one symbol per second. The flag can be held in one of eight distinct positions: Straight up, 45° left, 90° left, 135° left ...
For example, in a 64QAM modem, M = 64, and so the bit rate is N = log 2 (64) = 6 times the baud rate. In a line code, these may be M different voltage levels. The ratio is not necessarily an integer; in 4B3T coding, the bit rate is 4 / 3 of the baud rate. (A typical basic rate interface with a 160 kbit/s raw data rate operates at 120 kBd.)
The unit interval is the minimum time interval between condition changes of a data transmission signal, also known as the pulse time or symbol duration time.A unit interval (UI) is the time taken in a data stream by each subsequent pulse (or symbol).
UART clock allows integer division to common baud rates up to 7,200(×16×125) or 14,400(×8×125). Also a reference clock for PDC clock. Reference clock of some consumer GPS receivers. [19] 14.7456 921600 UART clock allows integer division to common baud rates up to 921,600(×16×1); common clock for small microcontrollers 14.750 SDTV
This is a list of interface bit rates, is a measure of information transfer rates, or digital bandwidth capacity, ... Modem 1200 (600 baud; Vadic VA3400, ...
Thus, the maximum fundamental frequency is reduced to one fourth of the baud rate. This makes signal transmission more amenable to copper wires. The lack of transition on a 0 bit means that for practical use, the number of consecutive 0 bits in the transmitted data must be bounded; i.e. it must be pre-coded using a run-length limited code.
Signal processors, such as four-phase modems, cannot change the DSR, but the modulation rate depends on the line modulation scheme, in accordance with Note 4. For example, in a 2400 bit/s 4-phase sending modem, the signaling rate is 2400 bit/s on the serial input side, but the modulation rate is only 1200 bauds on the 4-phase output side.
In order to calculate the data transmission rate, one must multiply the transfer rate by the information channel width. For example, a data bus eight-bytes wide (64 bits) by definition transfers eight bytes in each transfer operation; at a transfer rate of 1 GT/s, the data rate would be 8 × 10 9 B/s, i.e. 8 GB/s, or approximately 7.45 GiB/s