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A wireless network interface controller may be implemented as an expansion card and connected using PCI bus or PCIe bus, or connected via USB, PC Card, ExpressCard, Mini PCIe or M.2. The low cost and ubiquity of the Wi-Fi standard means that many newer mobile computers have a wireless network interface built into the motherboard.
A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can use a Bluetooth adapter that enables the PC to communicate with Bluetooth devices. While some desktop computers and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others require an external adapter, typically in the form of a small USB " dongle ".
A Bluetooth WPAN is also called a piconet, and is composed of up to 8 active devices in a master-slave relationship (a very large number of additional devices can be connected in parked mode). The first Bluetooth device in the piconet is the master, and all other devices are slaves that communicate with the master.
The way a device uses Bluetooth depends on its profile capabilities. The profiles provide standards that manufacturers follow to allow devices to use Bluetooth in the intended manner. For the Bluetooth Low Energy stack, according to Bluetooth 4.0 a special set of profiles applies.
A peripheral can be categorized based on the direction in which information flows relative to the computer: The computer receives data from an input device; examples: mouse, keyboard, scanner, game controller, microphone and webcam; The computer sends data to an output device; examples: monitor, printer, headphones, and speakers
A Bluetooth stack is software that is an implementation of the Bluetooth protocol stack.. Bluetooth stacks can be roughly divided into two distinct categories: . General-purpose implementations that are written with emphasis on feature-richness and flexibility, usually for desktop computers.