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There are several reasons why PIN is the most likely prostate cancer precursor. [3] PIN is more common in men with prostate cancer. High grade PIN can be found in 85 to 100% of radical prostatectomy specimens, [4] nearby or even in connection with prostate cancer. It tends to occur in the peripheral zone of the prostate.
Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in men in over half of the world's countries, and the leading cause of cancer death in men in around a quarter of countries. [92] Prostate cancer is rare in those under 40 years old, [93] and most cases occur in those over 60 years, [2] with the average person diagnosed at 67. [94]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. [1] Symptoms may include frequent urination , trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate , or loss of bladder control . [ 1 ]
The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm long.. It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion.
Dr. Narayanan says that bone pain can also be a sign of prostate cancer recurrence in patients who have already had the disease. The link between prostate cancer and bone pain may be a surprising one.
The part of the urethra passing through it is called the prostatic urethra, which joins with the two ejaculatory ducts. [2] The prostate is covered in a surface called the prostatic capsule or prostatic fascia. [4] The internal structure of the prostate has been described using both lobes and zones.
In perineural invasion, cancer cells proliferate around peripheral nerves and eventually invade them. Cancer cells migrate in response to different mediators released by autonomic and sensory fibers. Tumor cells secrete CCL2 and CSF-1 to accumulate endoneurial macrophages and, at the same time, release factors that stimulate perineural invasion.
The majority of treatable/treated cancers are of Gleason scores 5-7 and are detected due to biopsy after abnormal digital rectal exam or prostate specific antigen evaluation. The cancer is typically located in the peripheral zone usually the posterior portion, explaining the rationale of performing the digital rectal exam. [citation needed]