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The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test, [1] is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). It is an improvement on the Paul–Bunnell test. [2] The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV
Heterophile antibody is a fairly specific but insensitive test for EBV. It is present in 80% of infected teens and adults, 40% of all infected children, and only 20% of infected children under age four.
Antibody to EBNA slowly appears 2 to 4 months after the onset of symptoms and persists for the rest of a person’s life. [10] When negative, these tests are more accurate than the heterophile antibody test in ruling out infectious mononucleosis. When positive, they feature similar specificity to the heterophile antibody test.
Other heterophile antigens are responsible for some diagnostic serological tests such as: Weil-Felix reaction for typhus fever; Paul Bunnell test for infectious mononucleosis; Cold agglutinin test in primary atypical pneumonia; Chemically, heterophile antigens are composed of lipoprotein-polysaccharide complexes.
An example of helpful cross-reactivity is in heterophile antibody tests, which detect Epstein-Barr virus using antibodies with specificity for other antigens. Cross-reactivity is also a commonly evaluated parameter for the validation of immune and protein binding based assays such as ELISA and RIA .
The Forssman antigen is a glycolipid heterophile antigen found in certain animals like dogs, horses, cats, turtles and sheep, and enteric organisms such as pneumococci.In sheep, it is found on erythrocytes but not on tissue and organs, unlike hamsters and guinea pigs whose organ cells do carry the antigen.
AbC-19 rapid antibody test; Anti-DNase B; Anti-streptolysin O; D. ... Heterophile antibody test; Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS; N. NS1 antigen test; P. Premarital medical ...
The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL) is a blood test for syphilis and related non-venereal treponematoses that was developed by the eponymous US laboratory. The VDRL test is used to screen for syphilis (it has high sensitivity ), whereas other, more specific tests are used to diagnose the disease.