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  2. Radiocarbon dating considerations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating...

    Photosynthesis is the primary process by which carbon moves from the atmosphere into living things. Two different photosynthetic processes exist: the C3 pathway and the C4 pathway. About 90% of all plant life uses the C3 process; the remaining plants either use C4 or are CAM plants, which can use either C3 or C4 depending on the environmental ...

  3. Artifact (error) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(error)

    In medical electrophysiological monitoring, artifacts are anomalous (interfering) signals that originate from some source other than the electrophysiological structure being studied.

  4. Paper chromatography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_chromatography

    Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and requires only small quantities of material. Separations in paper chromatography involve the principle of partition. In paper chromatography, substances are distributed between a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

  5. Radiocarbon dating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating

    The additional samples allow errors such as background radiation and systematic errors in the laboratory setup to be detected and corrected for. [69] The most common standard sample material is oxalic acid, such as the HOxII standard, 1,000 lb of which was prepared by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1977 from French ...

  6. List of experimental errors and frauds in physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_experimental...

    Some errors are introduced when the experimenter's desire for a certain result unconsciously influences selection of data (a problem which is possible to avoid in some cases with double-blind protocols). [4] There have also been cases of deliberate scientific misconduct. [5]

  7. Photosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

    With a possible exception of ... Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory. ... researchers utilizing the carbon-14 isotope and paper chromatography ...

  8. Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionation_of_carbon...

    Carbon on Earth naturally occurs in two stable isotopes, with 98.9% in the form of 12 C and 1.1% in 13 C. [1] [8] The ratio between these isotopes varies in biological organisms due to metabolic processes that selectively use one carbon isotope over the other, or "fractionate" carbon through kinetic or thermodynamic effects. [1]

  9. Retardation factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retardation_factor

    In chromatography, the retardation factor (R) is the fraction of an analyte in the mobile phase of a chromatographic system. [1] In planar chromatography in particular, the retardation factor R F is defined as the ratio of the distance traveled by the center of a spot to the distance traveled by the solvent front. [2]