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A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1] For example, the constant π may be defined as the ratio of the length of a circle's circumference to ...
Apéry's constant arises naturally in a number of physical problems, including in the second- and third-order terms of the electron's gyromagnetic ratio, computed using quantum electrodynamics. [ 9 ] ζ ( 3 ) {\displaystyle \zeta (3)} is known to be an irrational number which was proven by the French mathematician Roger Apéry in 1979.
A fixed and well-defined number or other non-changing mathematical object, or the symbol denoting it. [1] [2] The terms mathematical constant or physical constant are sometimes used to distinguish this meaning. [3] A function whose value remains unchanged (i.e., a constant function). [4]
The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .
6174 is known as Kaprekar's constant [1] [2] [3] after the Indian mathematician D. R. Kaprekar. This number is renowned for the following rule: This number is renowned for the following rule: Take any four-digit number, using at least two different digits (leading zeros are allowed).
This problem is also referred to as the identity problem [1] or the method of zero estimates. It has no formal statement as such but refers to a general problem prevalent in transcendental number theory. Often proofs in transcendence theory are proofs by contradiction.
As an example, starting with the number 8991 in base 10: 9981 – 1899 = 8082 8820 – 0288 = 8532 8532 – 2358 = 6174 7641 – 1467 = 6174. 6174, known as Kaprekar's constant, is a fixed point of this algorithm. Any four-digit number (in base 10) with at least two distinct digits will reach 6174 within seven iterations. [3]
The definition of the Champernowne constant immediately gives rise to an infinite series representation involving a double sum, = = = (+), where () = = is the number of digits between the decimal point and the first contribution from an n-digit base-10 number; these expressions generalize to an arbitrary base b by replacing 10 and 9 with b and b − 1 respectively.