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[76] [77] Grapple was Britain's second airdrop of a nuclear bomb after the Operation Buffalo test at Maralinga on 11 October 1956, and the first of a thermonuclear weapon. [78] The United States had not attempted this until the Operation Redwing Cherokee test on 21 May 1956, and the bomb had landed 4 miles (6.4 km) from the target. [79]
During Operation Hurricane, an atomic bomb was detonated on board the frigate HMS Plym anchored in a lagoon in the Monte Bello Islands in Western Australia on 3 October 1952. [89] Britain thereby became the third country to develop and test nuclear weapons. [90] A Blue Danube bomb, Britain's first nuclear weapon
April: 1957 Defence White Paper emphasises nuclear weapons to replace Britain's declining conventional military capabilities. [53] May: First British hydrogen bomb test in Operation Grapple off Malden Island in the Pacific is a failure. [64] May: Memorandum of Understanding with the US regarding the loan of nuclear weapons to the UK in wartime ...
The Birth of the Bomb: Britain's part in the weapon that changed the World. London: Phoenix House. OCLC 824335. Farmelo, Graham (2013). Churchill's Bomb: How the United States Overtook Britain in the First Nuclear Arms Race. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02195-6. Frisch, Otto Robert (1979). What Little I Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge ...
Britain, Australia and the Bomb: the Nuclear Tests and Their Aftermath is a 2006 book by Lorna Arnold and Mark Smith. [1] It is the second edition of an official history first published in 1987 by HMSO under another title: A Very Special Relationship: British Atomic Weapons Trials in Australia. The book uses declassified material that has ...
Britain was at war and felt an atomic bomb was urgent, but the US was not yet at war. It was Oliphant who pushed the American programme into action. He flew to the United States in late August 1941, ostensibly to discuss the radar programme, but actually to find out why the United States was ignoring the MAUD Committee's findings. [ 92 ]
By the end of the war, poison gas use had become widespread on both sides and by 1918 a quarter of artillery shells were filled with gas and Britain had produced around 25,400 tons of toxic chemicals. Britain used a range of poison gases, originally chlorine and later phosgene, diphosgene and mustard gas.
These include Britain, Australia and the Bomb, Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up and My Australian Story: Atomic Testing: The Diary of Anthony Brown, Woomera, 1953. In 2006 Wakefield Press published Beyond belief: the British bomb tests: Australia's veterans speak out by Roger Cross and veteran and whistleblower, Avon Hudson.