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Annonamine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Annona muricata [1] (commonly known as soursop, graviola, guanabana, paw-paw and sirsak), a plant commonly used in folk medicine by indigenous communities in Africa and South America. [2] Structurally, it contains an aporphine core featuring a quaternary ammonium group.
A. muricata flower. Soursop (also called graviola, guyabano, and in Latin America guanábana) is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree. [4] [5] It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean and is widely propagated. [5]
Annonacin is a disabling and potentially lethal neurotoxin. [4] [5] [6] Like other acetogenins, it is a mitochondrial complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase) inhibitor. [5]As NADH-dehydrogenase is responsible for the conversion of NADH to NAD+ as well as the establishment of a proton gradient in the mitochondria, annonacin disables the ability of a cell to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation ...
The acetogenin compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop (Annona muricata), are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain.
Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae.It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria, [3] containing approximately 166 [4] species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.
The tree is similar to Annona muricata, but has a more spreading crown and glossy leaves. It is slightly hardier and bears fruit throughout the year. [9] It tolerates brief temperature drops down to 24 °F (−4 °C) when full grown. [10] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. [11]