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  2. Oxaloacetic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid

    Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO 2 CC(O)CH 2 CO 2 H. Oxaloacetic acid, in the form of its conjugate base oxaloacetate, is a metabolic intermediate in many processes that occur in animals.

  3. Pyruvate carboxylase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_carboxylase

    As such OAA is converted into malate by mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH). After export into the cytosol, malate is converted back into OAA, with concomitant reduction of NAD +; OAA is subsequently converted to PEP which is available for gluconeogenesis in the cytosol along with the transported reducing equivalent NADH. [1]

  4. Malate dehydrogenase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase

    Malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) (MDH) is an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD + to NADH. This reaction is part of many metabolic pathways , including the citric acid cycle .

  5. C4 carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation

    OAA can then be reduced to malate or transaminated to aspartate. These intermediates diffuse to the bundle sheath cells, where they are decarboxylated, creating a CO 2 -rich environment around RuBisCO and thereby suppressing photorespiration.

  6. Gluconeogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis

    Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate using NADH, a step required for its transportation out of the mitochondria. Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate using NAD + in the cytosol, where the remaining steps of gluconeogenesis take place. Oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and then phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate using the enzyme PEPCK.

  7. Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+ ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase...

    Malate is oxidized to pyruvate and CO 2, and NADP + is reduced to NADPH. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD + or NADP + as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-malate:NADP + oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating).

  8. Anaplerotic reactions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplerotic_reactions

    Malate, in the mitochondrial matrix, can be used to make pyruvate (catalyzed by malic enzyme) or oxaloacetic acid, both of which can enter the citric acid cycle. Glutamine can also be used to produce oxaloacetate during anaplerotic reactions in various cell types through "glutaminolysis", which is also seen in many c-Myc transformed cells. [ 3 ]

  9. Purine nucleotide cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle

    Fumarate, produced from the purine nucleotide cycle, is an intermediate of TCA cycle and enters the mitochondria by converting into malate and utilizing the malate shuttle where it is converted into oxaloacetic acid (OAA). During exercise, OAA either enters into TCA cycle or converts into aspartate in the mitochondria. [10]