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Canada is the 4th largest producer of gold in the world, only behind China, Australia, and Russia. [7] 2.2% of the world's total gold reserves belong to Canada. [2] Canada mainly trades gold with the United Kingdom. In 2021, 47% of exported Canadian gold went to the United Kingdom. [2]
The resulting gold is 99.5% pure, but of lower purity than gold produced by the other common refining method, the Wohlwill process, which produces gold of up to 99.999% purity. [1] [2] The Wohlwill process is commonly used for producing high-purity gold, such as in electronics work, where exacting standards of purity are required.
The Wohlwill process is an industrial-scale chemical procedure used to refine gold to the highest degree of purity (99.999%). [1] The process was invented in 1874 by Emil Wohlwill. This electrochemical process involves using a cast gold ingot, often called a doré bar, of 95%+ gold to serve as an anode.
The gold may then be further refined by gold parting, which removes other metals (principally silver) by blowing chlorine gas through the molten metal. Historically, small particles of gold were amalgamated with mercury, and then concentrated by boiling away the mercury. The mercury method is still used in some small operations.
The mint refines raw gold to 995 fine through the Miller chlorination process. [5] The gold is then cast into anodes for electrolytic purification to 9999 fine using the Wohlwill process. The Royal Canadian Mint's bullion coin program consists of gold, silver, platinum and palladium maple leaf coins, as well as other products, such as MapleGrams.
16th century cupellation furnaces (per Agricola). Cupellation is a refining process in metallurgy in which ores or alloyed metals are treated under very high temperatures and subjected to controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver, from base metals, like lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, present in the ore.