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The exact nature of this Hilbert space is dependent on the system; for example, the position and momentum states for a single non-relativistic spin zero particle is the space of all square-integrable functions, while the states for the spin of a single proton are unit elements of the two-dimensional complex Hilbert space of spinors.
The simplest example of a direct integral are the L 2 spaces associated to a (σ-finite) countably additive measure μ on a measurable space X.Somewhat more generally one can consider a separable Hilbert space H and the space of square-integrable H-valued functions
As such, quantum states form a ray in projective Hilbert space, not a vector. Many textbooks fail to make this distinction, which could be partly a result of the fact that the Schrödinger equation itself involves Hilbert-space "vectors", with the result that the imprecise use of "state vector" rather than ray is very difficult to avoid. [5]
The Hilbert space tensor product of two Hilbert spaces is the completion of their algebraic tensor product. One can define a tensor product of von Neumann algebras (a completion of the algebraic tensor product of the algebras considered as rings), which is again a von Neumann algebra, and act on the tensor product of the corresponding Hilbert ...
In the mathematical discipline of functional analysis, the concept of a compact operator on Hilbert space is an extension of the concept of a matrix acting on a finite-dimensional vector space; in Hilbert space, compact operators are precisely the closure of finite-rank operators (representable by finite-dimensional matrices) in the topology induced by the operator norm.
The vector space of all continuous antilinear functions on H is called the anti-dual space or complex conjugate dual space of H and is denoted by ¯ ′ (in contrast, the continuous dual space of H is denoted by ′), which we make into a normed space by endowing it with the canonical norm (defined in the same way as the canonical norm on the ...
Hilbert–Schmidt integral operators are both continuous and compact. [3] The concept of a Hilbert–Schmidt operator may be extended to any locally compact Hausdorff spaces. Specifically, let L 2 (X) be a separable Hilbert space and X a locally compact Hausdorff space equipped with a positive Borel measure.
Consider a separable Hilbert space (H, , ) equipped with a Gaussian measure γ. As stated in the article on the Vitali covering theorem , the Vitali covering theorem fails for Gaussian measures on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces.