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Bishop took initial letters of words from periodical titles, thereby using a code, which helped him arranging the collected publications. In 1953 [1] he published his documentation system, originally designed as a four-letter CODEN system; volume and page numbers have been added, in order to cite and locate exactly an article in a magazine. [2]
This includes partial titles; e.g., a newspaper might have an in-house convention for all-caps in the first part of a title and all-lowercase in a subtitle: something like "JOHNSON WINS RUNOFF ELECTION: incumbent leads by at least 18% as polls close" should be rendered on Wikipedia as "Johnson Wins Runoff Election: Incumbent Leads by at Least ...
This list of style guide abbreviations provides the meanings of the abbreviations that are commonly used as short ways to refer to major style guides. They are used especially by editors communicating with other editors in manuscript queries, proof queries, marginalia , emails, message boards , and so on.
A shortening is an abbreviation formed by removing at least the last letter of a word (e.g. etc. and rhino), and sometimes also containing letters not present in the full form (e.g. bike). As a general rule, use a full point after a shortening that only exists in writing (e.g. etc. ) but not for a shortening that is used in speech (e.g. rhino ).
ISO 4 (Information and documentation — Rules for the abbreviation of title words and titles of publications) is an international standard which defines a uniform system for the abbreviation of serial publication titles, i.e., titles of publications such as scientific journals that are published in regular installments.
Abbreviations and acronyms are often ambiguous and thus should be avoided unless the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject (e.g. PBS, NATO, Laser). It is also unnecessary to include an acronym in addition to the name in a title.
Use italics when writing about words as words, or letters as letters (to indicate the use–mention distinction). Examples: The term panning is derived from panorama, which was coined in 1787. Deuce means 'two'. (Linguistic glosses go in single quotation marks.) The most common letter in English is e.
However, since about 2015, courtesy titles have not been used in sports pages, pop culture, and fine arts. Also, after the first use of honorifics denoting posts (such as President or Professor, but not Dr.) in an article, the person is subsequently referred to by an egalitarian courtesy title (e.g. 'President Biden' then 'Mr. Biden').