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Phosphides arise by reaction of metals with red phosphorus. The alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals can form ionic compounds containing the phosphide ion, P 3−. These compounds react with water to form phosphine. Other phosphides, for example Na 3 P 7, are known for these reactive metals.
Red phosphorus can also be used in the illicit production of methamphetamine and Krokodil. Red phosphorus can be used as an elemental photocatalyst for hydrogen formation from the water. [13] They display a steady hydrogen evolution rates of 633 μmol/(h⋅g) by the formation of small-sized fibrous phosphorus. [14]
Water-reactive substances [1] are those that spontaneously undergo a chemical reaction with water, often noted as generating flammable gas. [2] Some are highly reducing in nature. [ 3 ] Notable examples include alkali metals , lithium through caesium , and alkaline earth metals , magnesium through barium .
The odour of combustion of this form has a characteristic garlic odor, and samples are commonly coated with white "diphosphorus pentoxide", which consists of P 4 O 10 tetrahedra with oxygen inserted between the phosphorus atoms and at their vertices. White phosphorus is only slightly soluble in water and can be stored under water.
The noble gases do not react with water, but their solubility in water increases when going down the group. Argon atoms in water appear to have a first hydration shell composed of 16±2 water molecules at a distance of 280–540 pm, and a weaker second hydration shell is found out to 800 pm. Similar hydration spheres have been found for krypton ...
Higher temperature or acidic conditions can speed up the hydrolysis reactions considerably. [5] Conversely, polyphosphoric acids or polyphosphates are often formed by dehydrating a phosphoric acid solution; in other words, removing water from it often by heating and evaporating the water off.
Phosphorus trichloride is commonly used to convert primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding chlorides. [14] As discussed above, the reaction of alcohols with phosphorus trichloride is sensitive to conditions. The mechanism for the ROH →RCl conversion involves the reaction of HCl with phosphite esters: P(OR) 3 + HCl ⇌ HP(OR) + 3 ...
White phosphorus is reduced by sodium-potassium alloy: [6] P 4 + 12 Na → 4 Na 3 P. Phosphorus reacts with sodium in an autoclave at 150 °C for 5 hours to produce Na 3 P. [7] Alternatively the reaction can be conducted at normal pressures but using a temperatures gradient to generate nonvolatile Na x P phases (x < 3) that then react further ...