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HPR is the change in value of an investment, asset or portfolio over a particular period. It is the entire gain or loss, which is the sum income and capital gains, divided by the value at the beginning of the period. HPR = (End Value - Initial Value) / Initial Value. where the End Value includes income, such as dividends, earned on the investment:
An annual rate of return is a return over a period of one year, such as January 1 through December 31, or June 3, 2006, through June 2, 2007, whereas an annualized rate of return is a rate of return per year, measured over a period either longer or shorter than one year, such as a month, or two years, annualized for comparison with a one-year ...
The change in a Fisher index from one period to the next is the geometric mean of the changes in Laspeyres' and Paasche's indices between those periods, and these are chained together to make comparisons over many periods: = This is also called Fisher's "ideal" price index.
Volatility as described here refers to the actual volatility, more specifically: . actual current volatility of a financial instrument for a specified period (for example 30 days or 90 days), based on historical prices over the specified period with the last observation the most recent price.
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a business, economics and investing term representing the mean annualized growth rate for compounding values over a given time period. [1] [2] CAGR smoothes the effect of volatility of periodic values that can render arithmetic means less meaningful. It is particularly useful to compare growth rates of ...
A formula that is accurate to within a few percent can be found by noting that for typical U.S. note rates (< % and terms =10–30 years), the monthly note rate is small compared to 1. r << 1 {\displaystyle r<<1} so that the ln ( 1 + r ) ≈ r {\displaystyle \ln(1+r)\approx r} which yields the simplification:
a = fraction of a period remaining until next coupon payment; m = number of full coupon periods until maturity; P = bond price (present value of cash flows discounted with rate i) For a bond with coupon frequency but an integer number of periods (so that there is no fractional payment period), the formula simplifies to: [25]
Average true range (ATR) is a technical analysis volatility indicator originally developed by J. Welles Wilder, Jr. for commodities. [1] [2] The indicator does not provide an indication of price trend, simply the degree of price volatility. [3]