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Following the Anarchy, England came under the rule of the House of Plantagenet, a dynasty which later inherited claims to the Kingdom of France. During this period, Magna Carta was signed and Parliament became established. Anti-Semitism rose to great heights, and in 1290, England became the first country to permanently expel the Jews.
The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large enough to be called towns. The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw increasing sophistication in British life.
On 4 May [O.S. 14 May] 1607, 105 to 108 English men and boys (surviving the voyage from England) established the Jamestown Settlement for the Virginia Company of London, on a slender peninsula on the bank of the James River. It became the first long-term English settlement in North America. [1] [2]
The first inhabitants were the Britons, who came from Armenia, and first peopled Britain southward" ("Armenia" is a mistaken transcription of Armorica, an area in northwestern Gaul including modern Brittany rather than the geographically distant and ethnolinguistically non Celtic region in the Caucasus).
It became part of the short-lived North Sea Empire of Cnut, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway, in the 11th century. The Anglo-Saxons migrated to Britain from mainland northwestern Europe after the Roman Empire's withdrawal from Britain at the beginning of the 5th century.
449: According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Hengist and Horsa (Saxon leader), arrives in England; c. 466: Battle of Wippedesfleot; 597: Arrival of St. Augustine; 793: Vikings raid Lindisfarne; 802: Vikings ransack monastery on Iona; 843: Birth of Kingdom of Scotland with union of the Picts and the Scots
The consensus in the first decades of the twenty-first century was that the spread of English can be explained by a minority of Germanic-speaking immigrants becoming politically and socially dominant, in a context where Latin had lost its usefulness and prestige due to the collapse of the Roman economy and administration. In Higham's assessment ...
From about 800 AD, waves of Danish Viking assaults on the coastlines of the British Isles were gradually followed by a succession of Danish settlers in England. At first, the Vikings were very much considered a separate people from the English.