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H 2 is the broad-sense heritability. This reflects all the genetic contributions to a population's phenotypic variance including additive, dominant , and epistatic (multi-genic interactions), as well as maternal and paternal effects , where individuals are directly affected by their parents' phenotype, such as with milk production in mammals.
The formula is = where is the broad sense heritability, is the (monozygotic, MZ) identical twin correlation, and is the (dizygotic, DZ) fraternal twin correlation. Falconer's formula assumes the equal contribution of environmental factors in MZ pairs and DZ pairs.
Heritability can be used as an important predictor to evaluate if a population can respond to artificial or natural selection. [ 5 ] Broad-sense heritability, H 2 = V G /V P , Involves the proportion of phenotypic variation due to the effects of additive, dominance, and epistatic variance.
Narrow sense Heritability (h 2 or H N) focuses specifically on the ratio of additive variance (V A) to total phenotypic variance (V P), or: h 2 = V A / V P.. In the study of Heritability, Additive genetic effects are of particular interest in the fields of Conservation, and Artificial selection.
The degree to which an organism's genes contribute to a complex trait is called heritability. [53] Measurement of the heritability of a trait is relative—in a more variable environment, the environment has a bigger influence on the total variation of the trait. For example, human height is a trait with complex causes.
Estimation in biology/animal breeding using standard ANOVA/REML methods of variance components such as heritability, shared-environment, maternal effects etc. typically requires individuals of known relatedness such as parent/child; this is often unavailable or the pedigree data unreliable, leading to inability to apply the methods or requiring strict laboratory control of all breeding (which ...
The broad sense heritability (defined via Falconer's formula) of age acceleration of blood from older subjects is around 40% but it appears to be much higher in newborns. [10] Similarly, the age acceleration of brain tissue (prefrontal cortex) was found to be 41% in older subjects. [43]
(Using a Plomin example, [38] for two traits with heritabilities of 0.60 & 0.23, =, and phenotypic correlation of r=0.45 the bivariate heritability would be =, so of the observed phenotypic correlation, 0.28/0.45 = 62% of it is due to correlative genetic effects, which is to say nothing of trait mutability in and of itself.)