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  2. Cosine similarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine_similarity

    The resulting similarity ranges from -1 meaning exactly opposite, to 1 meaning exactly the same, with 0 indicating orthogonality or decorrelation, while in-between values indicate intermediate similarity or dissimilarity. For text matching, the attribute vectors A and B are usually the term frequency vectors of the documents.

  3. Opposite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite

    Complementary antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite but whose meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum (push, pull). Relational antonyms are word pairs where opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two meanings (teacher, pupil). These more restricted meanings may not apply in all scholarly ...

  4. List of commonly used taxonomic affixes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commonly_used...

    Meaning: a prefix used to make words with a sense opposite to that of the root word; in this case, meaning "without" or "-less". This is usually used to describe organisms without a certain characteristic, as well as organisms in which that characteristic may not be immediately obvious.

  5. Similarity measure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_measure

    It involves partitioning a set of data points into groups or clusters based on their similarities. One of the fundamental aspects of clustering is how to measure similarity between data points. Similarity measures play a crucial role in many clustering techniques, as they are used to determine how closely related two data points are and whether ...

  6. Semantic similarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity

    Semantic similarity is a metric defined over a set of documents or terms, where the idea of distance between items is based on the likeness of their meaning or semantic content [citation needed] as opposed to lexicographical similarity. These are mathematical tools used to estimate the strength of the semantic relationship between units of ...

  7. Homology (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)

    The term "homology" was first used in biology by the anatomist Richard Owen in 1843 when studying the similarities of vertebrate fins and limbs, defining it as the "same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function", [6] and contrasting it with the matching term "analogy" which he used to describe different structures ...

  8. Comparison - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison

    To compare is to bring two or more things together (physically or in contemplation) and to examine them systematically, identifying similarities and differences among them. Comparison has a different meaning within each framework of study. Any exploration of the similarities or differences of two or more units is a comparison.

  9. Similarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity

    Similarity (geometry), the property of sharing the same shape Matrix similarity, a relation between matrices; Similarity measure, a function that quantifies the similarity of two objects