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Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. [1]
Distribution in pharmacology is a branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of a drug from one location to another within the body.. Once a drug enters into systemic circulation by absorption or direct administration, it must be distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids.
Type A reactions are dosage (concentration) dependent. Usually, this kind of side effect is an extension of an ongoing treatment. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are termed toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in the field of ecotoxicology. Here, the focus is on toxic effects on a wide range of organisms.
The action of drugs on the human body (or any other organism's body) is called pharmacodynamics, and the body's response to drugs is called pharmacokinetics. The drugs that enter an individual tend to stimulate certain receptors , ion channels , act on enzymes or transport proteins .
Chemicals can have pharmacologically relevant properties and effects. Pharmacokinetics describes the effect of the body on the chemical (e.g. half-life and volume of distribution), and pharmacodynamics describes the chemical's effect on the body (desired or toxic).
Flip–flop kinetics, or flip–flop pharmacokinetics, describes an atypical situation in pharmacokinetics where a drug's rate of absorption or the rate at which it enters the bloodstream is slower than its elimination rate. [1] [2] That is, when the k a (absorption constant) is slower than k e (elimination constant).
The four letter stands for descriptors quantifying how a given drug interacts within body over time. The term ADME was first introduced in the 1960s, and has become a standard term widely used in scientific literature, teaching, drug regulations, and clinical practice. [1] ADME, describes the disposition of a pharmaceutical compound within an ...
So, for example, digoxin has a half-life (or t 1 / 2 ) of 24–36 h; this means that a change in the dose will take the best part of a week to take full effect. For this reason, drugs with a long half-life (e.g., amiodarone , elimination t 1 / 2 of about 58 days) are usually started with a loading dose to achieve their desired ...