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The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
List of equations in nuclear and particle physics; ... Physics for Scientists and Engineers: With Modern Physics (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN ...
The quantum concentration n Q is the particle concentration (i.e. the number of particles per unit volume) of a system where the interparticle distance is equal to the thermal de Broglie wavelength. Quantum effects become appreciable when the particle concentration is greater than or equal to the quantum concentration, which is defined as: [ 1 ]
Theoretical chemistry requires quantities from core physics, such as time, volume, temperature, and pressure.But the highly quantitative nature of physical chemistry, in a more specialized way than core physics, uses molar amounts of substance rather than simply counting numbers; this leads to the specialized definitions in this article.
Using the carrier concentration equations given above, the mass action law can be stated as = =, where E g is the band gap energy given by E g = E c − E v. The above equation holds true even for lightly doped extrinsic semiconductors as the product n p {\displaystyle np} is independent of doping concentration.
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
Schwarzschild's equation alone says nothing about how much warming would be required to restore balance. When meteorologists and climate scientists refer to "radiative transfer calculations" or "radiative transfer equations" (RTE), the phenomena of emission and absorption are handled by numerical integration of Schwarzschild's equation over a ...
The burette concentration of a reactant not present in the burette is taken to be zero. In general, solving these nonlinear equations presents a formidable challenge because of the huge range over which the free concentrations may vary. At the beginning, values for the free concentrations must be estimated.