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A pheromone (from Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō) 'to bear' and hormone) is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. [1]
Releaser pheromones have a brief, immediate behavior-controlling effect. The first pheromone discovered, bombycol, is an example. Releaser pheromones typically include aggregation pheromones, dispersal pheromones, alarm pheromones, tracking pheromones, and marking pheromones, among others, in addition to the well-known sex pheromones. [63]
For example, the Eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana female pheromones contain a 95:5 mix of E-and Z 11-tetradecenal aldehydes, while the sex pheromones of other species of spruce budworm contain acetates and alcohols. [13] Sexual development in the freshwater green alga Volvox is initiated by a glycoprotein pheromone. [14]
Pheromones can be used instead of insecticides in orchards. Pest insects are attracted by sex pheromones, allowing farmers to evaluate pest levels, and if need be to provide sufficient pheromone to disrupt mating. Chemical communication in insects is social signalling between insects of the same or different species, using chemicals.
Trail pheromones are semiochemicals secreted from the body of an individual to affect the behavior of another individual receiving it. Trail pheromones often serve as a multi purpose chemical secretion that leads members of its own species towards a food source, while representing a territorial mark in the form of an allomone to organisms outside of their species. [1]
A cat pheromone is a chemical molecule, or compound, that is used by cats and other felids for communication. [1] These pheromones are produced and detected specifically by the body systems of cats and evoke certain behavioural responses. [1] [2] Cat pheromones are commonly released through the action of scent rubbing. [2]
For example, when boarding and training dogs, I like to use pheromone plug-in diffusers or sprays such as Adaptil. These help the visiting dogs adapt while also helping the resident dogs cope.
In addition, some vertebrates and plants communicate by using pheromones. A notable example of pheromone usage to indicate sexual receptivity in insects can be seen in the female Dawson's burrowing bee, which uses a particular mixture of cuticular hydrocarbons to signal sexual receptivity to mating, and then another mixture to indicate sexual ...