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Durum wheat [2] (/ ˈ dj ʊər ə m /), also called pasta wheat [3] or macaroni wheat (Triticum durum or Triticum turgidum subsp. durum), [4] is a tetraploid species of wheat. [5] It is the second most cultivated species of wheat after common wheat, although it represents only 5% to 8% of global wheat production. [6]
Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (2n = 28, AABB) is the most commonly cultivated form of allotetraploid wheat and is grown on 8% of the world’s wheat area (FAOStat, [7]). It originated in the Mediterranean region and is used to make pasta and semolina products (Ren et al). [8]
Emmer is a hybrid species of wheat, producing edible seeds that have been used as food since ancient times. The domesticated types are Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and T. t. conv. durum. The wild plant is called T. t. subsp. dicoccoides. The seeds have an awned covering, the sharp spikes helping the seeds to become buried in the ground.
Well-known wheat species and hybrids include the most widely grown common wheat (T. aestivum), spelt, durum, emmer, einkorn, and Khorasan or Kamut. The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600 BC.
It is an ancient dish derived from Levantine and North African cuisines, [1] [2] remaining popular in many countries of the eastern Mediterranean Basin, where durum wheat originated. [3] The wheat is harvested while the grains are green and the seeds are still soft; it is then piled and sun-dried.
The exported wheat varieties are hard red winter, white wheat (about 66%), Hard Red Spring (about 50%), Soft Red Winter, and durum wheat. However, the producers continue to increase exports as in the domestic market wheat products have not been competitive in recent years. [14]
Semolina made from hard durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is pale yellow in color. [7] It may be milled either coarse or fine, and both are used in a wide variety of sweet and savory dishes, including many types of pasta. Semolina ground, plain (left) and toasted (right) Semolina made from common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is
The following international wheat production statistics come from the Food and Agriculture Organization figures from FAOSTAT database, older from International Grains Council figures from the report "Grain Market Report". The quantities of wheat in the following table are in million metric tonnes. All countries with a typical production ...