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The Atwater system, [1] named after Wilbur Olin Atwater, or derivatives of this system are used for the calculation of the available energy of foods.The system was developed largely from the experimental studies of Atwater and his colleagues in the later part of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut.
The heating value of a fuel can be calculated with the results of ultimate analysis of fuel. From analysis, percentages of the combustibles in the fuel (carbon, hydrogen, sulfur) are known. Since the heat of combustion of these elements is known, the heating value can be calculated using Dulong's Formula:
Burn rate (typically expressed in mm/s or in/s) is the sample length over time at a given pressure and temperature. For solid fuel propellant, the most common method of measuring burn rate is the Crawford Type Strand Burning Rate Bomb System [3] (also known as the Crawford Burner or Strand Burner), as described in MIL-STD-286C. [4]
For a water electrolysis unit operating at a constant temperature of 25 °C without the input of any additional heat energy, electrical energy would have to be supplied at a rate equivalent of the enthalpy (heat) of reaction or 285.830 kJ (0.07940 kWh) per gram mol of water consumed. [6] It would operate at a cell voltage of 1.48 V.
The efficiency of the Diesel cycle is dependent on r and γ like the Otto cycle, and also by the cutoff ratio, r c, which is the ratio of the cylinder volume at the beginning and end of the combustion process: [4] = () The Diesel cycle is less efficient than the Otto cycle when using the same compression ratio.
Installation of a double-walled copper-on-copper heat exchanger in a vertical section of the master drain line in a Canadian home (2007) Water heat recycling (also known as drain water heat recovery, waste water heat recovery, greywater heat recovery, [citation needed] or sometimes shower water heat recovery [citation needed]) is the use of a heat exchanger to recover energy and reuse heat ...
BMI vs. Body Fat Percentage. BMI and body fat percentage are both ways of determining whether a person has a healthy weight or not. A high BMI can indicate a high body fat percentage, but it’s ...
Here, represents the mass ratio of gas 'x' (meaning mass of gas 'x' relative to the mass of all other non-'x' gas mass) and is the partial pressure of gas 'x'. Using the ideal gas formulation for the mass ratio gives the following definition for the specific mass capacity: