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In mathematics, the eccentricity of a conic section is a non-negative real number that uniquely characterizes its shape. One can think of the eccentricity as a measure of how much a conic section deviates from being circular. In particular: The eccentricity of a circle is 0. The eccentricity of an ellipse which is not a circle is between 0 and 1.
The eccentricity e is defined as: = . From Pythagoras's theorem applied to the triangle with r (a distance FP) as hypotenuse: = + () = () + ( + ) = + = () Thus, the radius (distance from the focus to point P) is related to the eccentric anomaly by the formula
A conic is defined as the locus of points for each of which the distance to the focus divided by the distance to the directrix is a fixed positive constant, called the eccentricity e. If 0 < e < 1 the conic is an ellipse, if e = 1 the conic is a parabola, and if e > 1 the conic is a hyperbola.
Angular eccentricity is not currently used in English language publications on mathematics, geodesy or map projections but it does appear in older literature. [1] Any non-dimensional parameter of the ellipse may be expressed in terms of the angular eccentricity. Such expressions are listed in the following table after the conventional definitions.
The degree of circularity of an ellipse is quantified by eccentricity, with values between 0 to 1, where 0 is a perfect circle (waist circumference same as height) and 1 is a vertical line. [1] To accommodate human shape data in a greater range, Thomas and colleagues mapped eccentricity in a range of 1 to 20 by using the equation: [1]
For elliptical orbits, a simple proof shows that gives the projection angle of a perfect circle to an ellipse of eccentricity e. For example, to view the eccentricity of the planet Mercury (e = 0.2056), one must simply calculate the inverse sine to find the projection angle of 11.86 degrees. Then, tilting any circular object by that angle ...
The eccentricity effect is a visual phenomenon that affects visual search. As retinal eccentricity increases (i.e. the light of the image enters the eye at a larger angle and approaches peripheral vision), the observer is slower and less accurate to detect an item they are searching for.
The center (or Jordan center [1]) of a graph is the set of all vertices of minimum eccentricity, [2] that is, the set of all vertices u where the greatest distance d(u,v) to other vertices v is minimal. Equivalently, it is the set of vertices with eccentricity equal to the graph's radius. [3]