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Hypercalcemia, also spelled hypercalcaemia, is a high calcium (Ca 2+) level in the blood serum. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] The normal range for total calcium is 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L ), with levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcemia.
Milk-alkali syndrome (MAS), also referred to as calcium-alkali syndrome, is the third most common cause of elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia). [2] [3] Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and acute kidney injury.
Hypercalcemia occurs most commonly in breast cancer, lymphoma, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, myeloma, and colon cancer. [2] It may be caused by secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide by the tumor (which has the same action as parathyroid hormone), or may be a result of direct invasion of the bone, causing calcium ...
The Guideline Development Group then finalises the recommendations and the National Collaboration Centre produces the final guideline. This is submitted to NICE to formally approve the guideline and issue the guidance to the NHS. [citation needed] To date NICE has produced more than 200 different guidelines. [27]
Metastatic calcification is deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue, because of elevated serum levels of calcium, [1] which can occur because of deranged metabolism as well as increased absorption or decreased excretion of calcium and related minerals, as seen in hyperparathyroidism.
NGC Guideline Syntheses often provide a comparison of guidelines developed in different countries, providing insight into commonalities and differences in international health practices. An electronic forum, NGC-L for exchanging information on clinical practice guidelines, their development, implementation and use
There are a number of causes of hypercalciuria including genetic (idiopathic), primary hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, pagets disease, Multiple Myeloma, Calcium excess, Vitamin D excess/increased sensitivity, drug-induced hypercalciuria, sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's disease, and renal tubular acidosis.
"The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 101 (5): 1889– 1916. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-4061. PMID 26934393