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Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium, alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. [1] Some can also be found in the cecum and appendix . They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn ) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy ...
During each mitosis, one of the two daughter cells remains in the crypt as a stem cell, while the other differentiates and migrates up the side of the crypt and eventually into the villus. These stem cells can differentiate into either an absorptive (enterocytes) or secretory (Goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells) lineages. [3]
Enteroendocrine cells secrete various gastrointestinal hormones including secretin, pancreozymin, enteroglucagon among others. Subsets of sensory intestinal epithelial cells synapse with nerves, [9] and are known as neuropod cells. [10] Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides such as human alpha-defensin. [11] [12]
Merocrine secretion Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying merocrine secretion of bright red cytoplasmic granules. H&E stain. Merocrine (or eccrine) is a term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions in the study of histology.
Intestinal paneth cells produce REG3G (or REG3 gamma) via stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). REG3 gamma specifically targets Gram-positive bacteria because it binds to their surface peptidoglycan layer. It is one of several antimicrobial peptides produced by paneth cells. [9]
Serous cells secrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples include gastric chief cells and Paneth cells; Mucous cells secrete mucus. Examples include Brunner's glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands; Seromucous glands (mixed) secrete both protein and mucus.
Paneth cell: Intestinal glands: Secretion of the bactericidal enzyme lysozyme; phagocytosis G cells: Intestinal glands of duodenum: Secretion of the hormone intestinal gastrin: I cells: Intestinal glands of duodenum: Secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin, which stimulates release of pancreatic juices and bile K cells: Intestinal glands
New epithelial cells derived from stem cells are constantly produced on the bottom of the intestinal glands, regenerating the epithelium (epithelial cell turnover time is less than one week). [2] [6] Although in these crypts conventional enterocytes are the dominant type of cells, Paneth cells can also be found. These are located at the bottom ...