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Cephalopods are thought to be unable to live in fresh water due to multiple biochemical constraints, and in their >400 million year existence have never ventured into fully freshwater habitats. [10] Cephalopods occupy most of the depth of the ocean, from the abyssal plains to the sea surface, and have also been found in the hadal zone. [11]
All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The dorsal (upper) mandible fits into the ventral (lower) mandible and together they function in a scissor-like fashion. [1] [2] The beak may also be referred to as the mandibles or jaws. [3]
An ammonitic ammonoid with the body chamber missing, showing the septal surface (especially at right) with its undulating lobes and saddles. The ancestors of coleoids (including most modern cephalopods) and the ancestors of the modern nautilus, had diverged by the Floian Age of the Early Ordovician Period, over 470 million years ago.
A siphon is an anatomical structure which is part of the body of aquatic molluscs in three classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda (members of these classes include saltwater and freshwater snails, clams, octopus, squid and relatives). Siphons in molluscs are tube-like structures in which water (or, more rarely, air) flows.
Arms and buccal mass of the squid Taningia danae.As in other Octopoteuthidae, the tentacles are absent in adults. Oral view of the bobtail squid Semirossia tenera Head and limbs of the bobtail squid Rossia glaucopis Oral view of male Bathypolypus arcticus with hectocotylus on arm III (left) Cephalopod suckers and configuration of suckers on tentacular club Serrated suckers of a giant squid ...
Cephalopods exhibit various dermal structures on their mantles and other parts. These may take the form of conspicuous warts, cushions, papillae or scales, though in many species they are microscopic tubercles. [4] The most elaborate forms are found among the oceanic squid of the order Teuthida. [1] [5]
Nidamental glands are internal organs found in some elasmobranchs and certain molluscs, including cephalopods (specifically Decapodiformes and nautiluses) and gastropods. [1] [2] [3] In cephalopods, nidamental glands are large, paired glandular structures found in the mantle cavity. [4] Accessory nidamental glands may also be present. [4]
Cephalopods have large, well-developed brains, [8] [9] [10] and their brain-to-body mass ratio is the largest among the invertebrates, falling between that of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates. [11] The nervous system of cephalopods is the most complex of all invertebrates.