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Basic compensation is normally done by assuming a linear increase of conductivity versus temperature of typically 2% per kelvin. [30] [31] This value is broadly applicable for most salts at room temperature. Determination of the precise temperature coefficient for a specific solution is simple, and instruments are typically capable of applying ...
In alloys the change in electrical conductivity is usually smaller and thus thermal conductivity increases with temperature, often proportionally to temperature. Many pure metals have a peak thermal conductivity between 2 K and 10 K. On the other hand, heat conductivity in nonmetals is mainly due to lattice vibrations . Except for high-quality ...
Depending on the model, increased temperature may either increase or decrease carrier mobility, applied electric field can increase mobility by contributing to thermal ionization of trapped charges, and increased concentration of localized states increases the mobility as well.
Electrical conductivity of water samples is used as an indicator of how salt-free, ion-free, or impurity-free the sample is; the purer the water, the lower the conductivity (the higher the resistivity). Conductivity measurements in water are often reported as specific conductance, relative to the conductivity of pure water at 25 °C.
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as its conductivity divided by its molar concentration: [1] [2] =, where κ is the measured conductivity (formerly known as specific conductance), [3] c is the molar concentration of the electrolyte.
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
Marked increase or decrease in conductance are associated with the changing concentrations of the two most highly conducting ions—the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. [5] The method can be used for titrating coloured solutions or homogeneous suspension (e.g.: wood pulp suspension [ 5 ] ), which cannot be used with normal indicators .