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Many ligands are capable of binding metal ions through multiple sites, usually because the ligands have lone pairs on more than one atom. Such ligands are polydentate. [12] Ligands that bind via more than one atom are often termed chelating. A ligand that binds through two sites is classified as bidentate, and three sites as tridentate.
Ligands of proteins can be characterized also by the number of protein chains they bind. "Monodesmic" ligands (μόνος: single, δεσμός: binding) are ligands that bind a single protein chain, while "polydesmic" ligands (πολοί: many) [ 31 ] are frequent in protein complexes, and are ligands that bind more than one protein chain ...
The application of phosphoramidites as effective monodentate ligands for transition metal catalysis was first reported by Dutch chemist Ben Feringa. The introduction of phosphoramidite ligands challenged the notion that high flexibility in the metal–ligand complex is detrimental for high stereocontrol. General Structure of Phosphoramidite Ligand
A pentadentate ligand is a ligand that coordinates via five donor atoms. [1]There are different possible ways for a ligand to arrange around an ion. For an octahedral coordination with six positions, the possible arrangements of a linear pentadentate ligand are designated by ffm s ffm a fff fmf fm a m a fm s m a fm s m s fm a m s where each letter f or s represents three consecutive donor ...
The spectrochemical series is an empirically-derived list of ligands ordered by the size of the splitting Δ that they produce. It can be seen that the low-field ligands are all π-donors (such as I −), the high field ligands are π-acceptors (such as CN − and CO), and ligands such as H 2 O and NH 3, which are neither, are in the middle.
Polyfunctional ligands can attach to metals in many ways and thus can bridge metals in diverse ways, including sharing of one atom or using several atoms. Examples of such polyatomic ligands are the oxoanions CO 2− 3 and the related carboxylates, PO 3− 4, and the polyoxometalates.
Regulatory site ligands can involve homotropic and heterotropic ligands, in which single or multiple types of molecule affects enzyme activity respectively. [24] Enzymes that are highly regulated are often essential in metabolic pathways. For example, phosphofructokinase (PFK), which phosphorylates fructose in glycolysis, is largely regulated ...
Ligands may interact with DNA by covalently binding, electrostatically binding, or intercalating. [1] Intercalation occurs when ligands of an appropriate size and chemical nature fit themselves in between base pairs of DNA. These ligands are mostly polycyclic, aromatic, and planar, and therefore often make good nucleic acid stains.