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Cancellous bone or spongy bone, [12] [11] also known as trabecular bone, is the internal tissue of the skeletal bone and is an open cell porous network that follows the material properties of biofoams. [13] [14] Cancellous bone has a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio than cortical bone and it is less dense. This makes it weaker and more flexible.
It is chemically similar to naturally occurring hydroxyapatite and can mimic the structure and biological function of the structures found in the resident extracellular matrix. [36] Therefore, it can be used as a scaffold for engineering tissues such as bone and cementum. [ 27 ]
Bone mineral is formed predominantly from carbonated hydroxyapatite [1] [2] with lower crystallinity. [1] [3] Bone mineral is formed from globular and plate structures [3] [4] distributed among the collagen fibrils of bone and forming yet a larger structure. The bone salt and collagen fibers together constitute the extracellular matrix of bone
This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present, or by molecular structure e.g., water, protein, fats (or lipids), hydroxyapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA. In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, connective tissue, muscle, bone, etc.
This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodeling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase , a process known as bone resorption .
They are the most common cell type in bone (31,900 per cubic millimeter in bovine bone to 93,200 per cubic millimeter in rat bone). [6] Most of the receptor activities that play an important role in bone function are present in the mature osteocyte. [6] Osteocytes are an important regulator of bone mass.
Ossein is the organic extracellular matrix of bone, which is made of 95% collagen.This substance is used in industry for the production of gelatin and bone glue.. In the early 20th century, bones were found to consist of three types of proteins: ossein (collagens), osseomucoid (proteoglycans) and osseoalbuminoid (). [1]
The chemical and physical nature of the arthropod exoskeleton limits its ability to stretch or change shape as the animal grows. In some special cases, such as the abdomens of termite queens and honeypot ants, distention of the abdomen can occur through the process of neosomy , [ 12 ] which, in the case of Tunga fleas, occurs through expansion ...