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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 11 February 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...
The Arab raid against Rome took place in 846. Muslim raiders plundered the outskirts of the city of Rome , sacking the basilicas of Old St Peter's and St Paul's-Outside-the-Walls , but were prevented from entering the city itself by the Aurelian Walls .
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces expanding over vast territories and building imperial structures over time.
The volume of commerce between Rome and India via Red Sea and Arabian Sea was huge since the conquest of Egypt by the Romans in 30 BC, according to the historian Strabo: 120 Roman vessels sailed every year from Berenice Troglodytica and many times touched southern Arabia Felix on their travel to India, while doing the Spice Route. [1]
Military confrontations with the Byzantine Empire began during the lifetime of Muhammad.The Battle of Mu'tah was fought in September 629 near the village of Mu'tah, east of the Jordan River and Karak in Karak Governorate, between the forces of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the forces of the Byzantine Empire and their Arab Christian Ghassanid vassals.
No Roman army to return or attempt the recovery of Egypt. The Muslims to desist from all seizure of churches, and not to interfere in any way with the Christians. The Jews to be suffered to remain at Alexandria. Hostages to be given by the Romans, viz. 150 military and 50 civilian, for the due execution of the treaty.
The city's status as residence of the Eastern Roman Emperor made it into the premier city in all of the Eastern Roman colonies in the Balkans, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Cyprus, Egypt, and part of present-day Libya. The sack of Rome led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Grant, Michael History of Rome; Grunebaum, Gustave von (2005). Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 0-202-30767-0; Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power. Anchor Books, 2001. Published in the UK as Why the West has Won. Faber and Faber, 2001. ISBN 0-571-21640-4