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Follicular helper T cells (also known as T follicular helper cells and abbreviated as T FH), are antigen-experienced CD4 + T cells found in the periphery within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's patches, and are identified by their constitutive expression of the B cell follicle homing receptor CXCR5. [1]
TGF-β is a crucial cytokine for maintaining the naturally occurring T reg cells, that suppress T h 1 and T h 2 immune functions. [3] T h 3 cells can also directly suppress T h 1 and T h 2 cells by secretion of TGF-β and provide help to B cells towards IgA secretion. [1]
CD4 + T cells polarized with IL-23 and IL-6 are pathogenic upon adoptive transfer in type 1 diabetes while cells polarized with TGF-beta and IL-6 are not pathogenic., [12] [13] The intracellular aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is activated by certain aromatic compounds, is specifically expressed in T reg 17 cells. [14]
The latter case induces recognition by antigen-specific Th2 cells or Tfh cells, leading to activation of the B cell through binding of TCR to the MHC-antigen complex. It is followed by synthesis and presentation of CD40L (CD154) on the Th2 cell, which binds to CD40 on the B cell, thus the Th2 cell can co-stimulate the B cell. [11]
The protein encoded by the BCL6 gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that has three evolutionarily conserved domains. BCL6 contains a (1) N-terminal BTB/POZ domain (Broad-complex, Tramtrack and Brick-a-brac/Pox virus and Zinc finger family domain), (2) a central RN2 region, and (3) another zinc finger at the C-terminal end. [6]
The majority of human naive T cells are produced very early in life when the thymus is large and functional. The subsequent decrease in naive T cell production due to involution of the thymus with age is compensated by so called "peripheral proliferation" or "homeostatic proliferation" of naive T cells which have emigrated from the thymus ...
Deletion of NFATc2 in T cells facilitates an increased number of Tfh cells and higher germinal center response probably due to dysregulation of CXCR5 and decreased number of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. [5] Since Tfh are tightly connected with humoral response any defect in them will project into B cells. Therefore, it is not surprising ...
Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are cells of the immune system found in primary and secondary lymph follicles (lymph nodes) of the B cell areas of the lymphoid tissue. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Unlike dendritic cells (DC), FDCs are not derived from the bone-marrow hematopoietic stem cell , but are of mesenchymal origin. [ 4 ]