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Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age.
Experiences and environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping neural development. Early sensory experiences, such as exposure to language and visual stimuli, can influence the development of neural pathways related to perception and language processing. [60] Genetic factors play a huge roll in neural development.
When an aspect of development is strongly affected by early experience, it is said to show a high degree of plasticity; when the genetic make-up is the primary cause of development, plasticity is said to be low. [60] Plasticity may involve guidance by endogenous factors like hormones as well as by exogenous factors like infection. [57]
Development of IDELA began in 2011 based on four early childhood development domains, drawn from existing standards for early childhood education: physical, language/literacy, numeracy/cognitive and social-emotional. Over 65 items were considered at first, but these were reduced to 33 during qualitative review.
In psychology, developmental stage theories are theories that divide psychological development into distinct stages which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior. [ 1 ] There are several different views about psychological and physical development and how they proceed throughout the life span.
Infant cognitive development is the first stage of human cognitive development, in the youngest children. The academic field of infant cognitive development studies of how psychological processes involved in thinking and knowing develop in young children. [ 1 ]
In psychology, the term early childhood is usually defined as the time period from birth until the age of five or six years, [1] therefore covering infancy, Pre-K, kindergarten and first grade. There are three simultaneous development stages: [ 2 ] It is distinct from early childhood education , and does not necessarily refer to the same ...
Physical development. Typically grows between 1 and 1.5 inches (2.5 and 3.8 cm) and gains about 2 pounds (910 g). [20] Motor development. Hands kept in tight fists. [21] Equal movement of arms and legs on both sides. [21] Able to briefly hold up head when in prone position. [21] Arm thrusts are jerky. [22] Brings hands close to eyes and mouth. [22]