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Gynecomastia can be normal in newborn male babies due to exposure to estrogen from the mother, in adolescent boys going through puberty, in older men over the age of 50, and in obese men. [4] Most occurrences of gynecomastia do not require diagnostic tests.
[45] [46] Moreover, the lifetime incidence of breast cancer in men is approximately 0.1%, [47] the average age of diagnosis of prostate cancer and male breast cancer are similar (around 70 years), [10] [48] and millions of men have been treated with bicalutamide for prostate cancer, [49] all of which are potentially in support of the notion of ...
Mammoplasia can be an effect or side effect of various drugs, including estrogens, [2] [13] antiandrogens such as spironolactone, [14] cyproterone acetate, [15] bicalutamide, [16] [17] and finasteride, [18] [19] growth hormone, [20] [21] and drugs that elevate prolactin levels such as D 2 receptor antagonists like antipsychotics (e.g ...
CPA can sometimes cause breast changes in men including gynecomastia (breast development) and breast tenderness. [10] Rates of gynecomastia of 4 to 30% have been reported. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 9 ] [ 17 ] Galactorrhea (milk outflow) can also occur in men, due to the strong progestogenic effects of CPA.
The rates of gynecomastia in men with selective AR antagonist monotherapy have been found to range from 30 to 85%. [102] In addition, antiandrogens can cause infertility, osteoporosis, hot flashes, sexual dysfunction (including loss of libido and erectile dysfunction), depression, fatigue, anemia, and decreased semen/ejaculate volume in males.
In women, estrogens can additionally cause vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, and anovulation, whereas in men, estrogens can additionally cause gynecomastia (male breast development), feminization, demasculinization, sexual dysfunction (reduced libido and erectile dysfunction), hypogonadism, testicular atrophy, and infertility.
In men, estrogens can cause breast pain or tenderness, gynecomastia (male breast development), feminization, demasculinization, sexual dysfunction (decreased libido and erectile dysfunction), hypogonadism, testicular atrophy, and infertility. [21] [22
Causes of gynecomastia may vary but may include drug side effects or genetics. [ 16 ] People assigned female at birth with male, masculine, or non-binary genders may experience gender dysphoria caused by their chest and/or gender euphoria after the surgical recovery.