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  2. Ecocriticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocriticism

    More recently, in an article that extends ecocriticism to Shakespearean studies, Estok argues that ecocriticism is more than "simply the study of Nature or natural things in literature; rather, it is any theory that is committed to effecting change by analyzing the function–thematic, artistic, social, historical, ideological, theoretical, or ...

  3. Marxist literary criticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism

    Marxist literary criticism is a theory of literary criticism based on the historical materialism developed by philosopher and economist Karl Marx. Marxist critics argue that even art and literature themselves form social institutions and have specific ideological functions, based on the background and ideology of their authors.

  4. Sociological criticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_criticism

    Sociological criticism analyzes both how the social functions in literature and how literature works in society. This form of literary criticism was introduced by Kenneth Burke, a 20th-century literary and critical theorist, whose article "Literature As Equipment for Living" outlines the specification and significance of such a critique.

  5. Literary criticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism

    A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical analysis of literature's goals and methods. Although the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always ...

  6. Sociology of literature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_literature

    The sociology of literature is a subfield of the sociology of culture.It studies the social production of literature and its social implications. A notable example is Pierre Bourdieu's 1992 Les Règles de L'Art: Genèse et Structure du Champ Littéraire, translated by Susan Emanuel as Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field (1996).

  7. Cultural materialism (cultural studies) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_materialism...

    Cultural materialism emerged as a theoretical movement in the early 1980s along with new historicism, an American approach to early modern literature, with which it shares common ground. The term was coined by Williams, who used it to describe a theoretical blending of leftist culturalism and Marxist analysis.

  8. Greta Gaard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Gaard

    Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy, edited by Gaard and Patrick D. Murphy, was the first anthology to examine not only how ecofeminist theory might enhance literary criticism but also how close reading of texts might inform ecofeminist theory and activist practice. This development in ecocriticism was welcomed by ...

  9. Social criticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_criticism

    It is an example of social criticism in literature in which Orwell satirized the events in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. He anthropomorphizes the animals, and alludes each one to a counterpart in Russian history. Both authors also demonstrate that violence and the Machiavellian attitude of "the ends justifying the means" are deplorable ...