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Cohesive zone fracture model. The cohesive zone model (CZM) is a model in fracture mechanics where fracture formation is regarded as a gradual phenomenon and separation of the crack surfaces takes place across an extended crack tip, or cohesive zone, and is resisted by cohesive tractions.
When the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip is too large, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics can be used with parameters such as the J-integral or the crack tip opening displacement. The characterising parameter describes the state of the crack tip which can then be related to experimental conditions to ensure similitude. Crack growth ...
Delamination also occurs in reinforced concrete when metal reinforcements near the surface corrode. [7] The oxidized metal has a larger volume causing stresses when confined by the concrete. When the stresses exceed the strength of the concrete, cracks can form and spread to join with neighboring cracks caused by corroded rebar creating a ...
In front of a crack, a plastic zone can be present as the material yields. Beyond that region, the material remains elastic. The conditions for fracture are the most favorable at the boundary between this plastic and elastic zone, and thus cracks often initiate by the cleavage of a grain at that location.
When a reinforced concrete member is put in tension, after cracking, the member elongates by widening of cracks and by formation of new cracks. Figure 1 Formation of internal cracks. Ignoring the small elastic strain in the concrete between the cracks, we can relate the crack width to the strain of the member by:
The predominant mechanism for failure in brittle materials is brittle fracture, which begins with initial crack formation. When an external tensile stress is applied to the material, the crack tips concentrate stress, increasing the local tensile stresses experienced at the crack tips to a greater extent than the average stress on the bulk ...
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Steel is a ductile material, which will behave elastically until it reaches yield (point 2 on the stress–strain curve), when it becomes plastic and will fail in a ductile manner (large strains, or extensions, before fracture at point 3 on the curve). Steel is equally strong in tension and compression.