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Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed different parts of the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902.. The Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the Sutton–Boveri theory) is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material.
The hereditary material i.e. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of an organism is composed of a sequence of four nucleotides in a specific pattern, which encodes information as a function of their order. Genomic organization refers to the linear order of DNA elements and their division into chromosomes .
Experiments on hereditary material during the time of the Hershey–Chase experiment often used bacteriophages as a model organism. Bacteriophages lend themselves to experiments on hereditary material because they incorporate their genetic material into their host cell 's genetic material (making them useful tools), they multiply quickly, and ...
The study of these materials arises from the pioneering articles of Ludwig Boltzmann [1] [2] and Vito Volterra, [3] [4] in which they sought an extension of the concept of an elastic material. [5] The key assumption of their theory was that the local stress value at a time t depends upon the history of the local deformation up to t.
DNA contains the genetic information that allows all forms of life to function, grow and reproduce. However, it is unclear how long in the 4-billion-year history of life DNA has performed this function, as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material.
Molecular genetics is a branch of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms. Molecular genetics often applies an "investigative approach" to determine the structure and/or function of genes in an organism's genome using genetic screens.
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) [1] [2] [3] is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). [4] HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms.
In plants, genetic changes in somatic lines can and do result in genetic changes in the germ lines, because the germ cells are produced by somatic cell lineages (vegetative meristems), which may be old enough (many years) to have accumulated multiple mutations since seed germination, some of them subject to natural selection. [12]