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Christian Science is generally considered a Christian new religious movement; however, some have called it "pseudoscience" because its founder, Mary Baker Eddy, used "science" in its name, and because of its former stance against medical science. Also, "Eddy used the term Metaphysical science to distinguish her system both from materialistic ...
Thus pseudoscience is a subset of un-science, and un-science, in turn, is subset of non-science. Science is also distinguishable from revelation, theology, or spirituality in that it offers insight into the physical world obtained by empirical research and testing.
Misinformation can also often be observed as news events are unfolding and questionable or unverified information fills information gaps. Even if later retracted, false information can continue to influence actions and memory. [26] Rumors are unverified information not attributed to any particular source and may be either true or false. [27]
A 1930s Works Progress Administration poster depicts a man with WPA shovel attacking a wolf labeled 'rumor'.. A rumor (American English), or rumour (British English; see spelling differences; derived from Latin rumorem 'noise'), is "a tall tale of explanations of events circulating from person to person and pertaining to an object, event, or issue in public concern."
In science, anecdotal evidence has been defined as: "information that is not based on facts or careful study" [9] or "non-scientific observations or studies, which do not provide proof but may assist research efforts" [10] or "reports or observations of usually unscientific observers" [11] or "casual observations or indications rather than ...
It is violation of scientific integrity: violation of the scientific method and of research ethics in science, including in the design, conduct, and reporting of research. A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries provides the following sample definitions, [1] reproduced in The COPE report 1999: [2]
Irving Langmuir coined the phrase pathological science in a talk in 1953.. Pathological science, as defined by Langmuir, is a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to the scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation (see the observer-expectancy effect and cognitive bias).
Research has shown that fact-checking has limits, and can even backfire, [89] which is when a correction increases the their belief in the misconception. [90] One reason is that it can be interpreted as an argument from authority , leading to resistance and hardening beliefs, "because identity and cultural positions cannot be disproved."