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  2. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    The half-angle formula for sine can be obtained by replacing with / and taking the square-root of both sides: ⁡ (/) = (⁡) /. Note that this figure also illustrates, in the vertical line segment E B ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {EB}}} , that sin ⁡ 2 θ = 2 sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ θ {\displaystyle \sin 2\theta =2\sin \theta \cos \theta } .

  3. Proofs of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_of_trigonometric...

    Illustration of the sum formula. Draw a horizontal line (the x -axis); mark an origin O. Draw a line from O at an angle α {\displaystyle \alpha } above the horizontal line and a second line at an angle β {\displaystyle \beta } above that; the angle between the second line and the x -axis is α + β {\displaystyle \alpha +\beta } .

  4. Exact trigonometric values - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_trigonometric_values

    In contrast, by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, the sine or cosine of any non-zero algebraic number is always transcendental. [4] The real part of any root of unity is a trigonometric number. By Niven's theorem, the only rational trigonometric numbers are 0, 1, −1, 1/2, and −1/2. [5]

  5. Euler's identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_identity

    Euler's formula for a general angle. Euler's identity is a special case of Euler's formula, which states that for any real number x, = ⁡ + ⁡ where the inputs of the trigonometric functions sine and cosine are given in radians. In particular, when x = π,

  6. Pythagorean trigonometric identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_trigonometric...

    Point P has a positive y-coordinate, and sin θ = sin(π − θ) > 0. As θ increases from zero to the full circle θ = 2π, the sine and cosine change signs in the various quadrants to keep x and y with the correct signs. The figure shows how the sign of the sine function varies as the angle changes quadrant.

  7. Trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions

    The sine and the cosine functions, for example, are used to describe simple harmonic motion, which models many natural phenomena, such as the movement of a mass attached to a spring and, for small angles, the pendular motion of a mass hanging by a string. The sine and cosine functions are one-dimensional projections of uniform circular motion.

  8. Small-angle approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-angle_approximation

    The sine and tangent small-angle approximations are used in relation to the double-slit experiment or a diffraction grating to develop simplified equations like the following, where y is the distance of a fringe from the center of maximum light intensity, m is the order of the fringe, D is the distance between the slits and projection screen ...

  9. cis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_(mathematics)

    cis is a mathematical notation defined by cis x = cos x + i sin x, [nb 1] where cos is the cosine function, i is the imaginary unit and sin is the sine function. x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form).