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The golden ratio has been used to analyze the proportions of natural objects and artificial systems such as financial markets, in some cases based on dubious fits to data. [8] The golden ratio appears in some patterns in nature, including the spiral arrangement of leaves and other parts of vegetation.
For example, when leaves alternate up a stem, one rotation of the spiral touches two leaves, so the pattern or ratio is 1/2. In hazel the ratio is 1/3; in apricot it is 2/5; in pear it is 3/8; in almond it is 5/13. [ 56 ]
The golden spiral is a logarithmic spiral that grows outward by a factor of the golden ratio for every 90 degrees of rotation (pitch angle about 17.03239 degrees). It can be approximated by a "Fibonacci spiral", made of a sequence of quarter circles with radii proportional to Fibonacci numbers .
For example, claims have been made about golden ratio proportions in Egyptian, Sumerian and Greek vases, Chinese pottery, Olmec sculptures, and Cretan and Mycenaean products from the late Bronze Age. These predate by some 1,000 years the Greek mathematicians first known to have studied the golden ratio.
In 1754, Charles Bonnet observed that the spiral phyllotaxis of plants were frequently expressed in both clockwise and counter-clockwise golden ratio series. [12] Mathematical observations of phyllotaxis followed with Karl Friedrich Schimper and his friend Alexander Braun 's 1830 and 1830 work, respectively; Auguste Bravais and his brother ...
Golden spirals are self-similar. The shape is infinitely repeated when magnified. In geometry, a golden spiral is a logarithmic spiral whose growth factor is φ, the golden ratio. [1] That is, a golden spiral gets wider (or further from its origin) by a factor of φ for every quarter turn it makes.
The golden angle is the angle subtended by the smaller (red) arc when two arcs that make up a circle are in the golden ratio. In geometry, the golden angle is the smaller of the two angles created by sectioning the circumference of a circle according to the golden ratio; that is, into two arcs such that the ratio of the length of the smaller arc to the length of the larger arc is the same as ...
The golden ratio and the golden angle [ edit ] In disc phyllotaxis , as in the sunflower and daisy, the mesh of spirals occurs in Fibonacci numbers because divergence (angle of succession in a single spiral arrangement) approaches the golden ratio .