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  2. Reactivity series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_series

    Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as iron, will react with acids such as sulfuric acid (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and a metal salt, such as iron(II) sulfate: Fe (s) + H 2 SO 4 (l) → FeSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) There is some ambiguity at the borderlines between the groups.

  3. International General Certificate of Secondary Education

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_General...

    The IGCSE exam is widely used in international schools. Students in Hong Kong can take the Cambridge exam board as well as the Edexcel exam board, either at their school or registering through the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (HKEAA) as individual candidates. [17]

  4. GCSE Science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE_Science

    In August 2018, Ofqual announced that it had intervened to adjust the GCSE Science grade boundaries for students who had taken the "higher tier" paper in its new double award science exams and performed poorly, due to an excessive number of students in danger of receiving a grade of "U" or "unclassified". [3]

  5. Spectrochemical series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrochemical_series

    A spectrochemical series is a list of ligands ordered by ligand "strength", and a list of metal ions based on oxidation number, group and element.For a metal ion, the ligands modify the difference in energy Δ between the d orbitals, called the ligand-field splitting parameter in ligand field theory, or the crystal-field splitting parameter in crystal field theory.

  6. Evolution of metal ions in biological systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_Metal_Ions_in...

    Variation in the related proteins with any one of these chemical forms of iron has produced a wide range of enzymes. All of these arrangements are modified to function both in the sense of reactivity and the positioning of the protein in the cell. Iron can have various redox and spin states, and it can be held in many stereochemistries. [15]

  7. Reactive oxygen species - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species

    In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O 2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O 2 H), superoxide (O 2 −), [1] hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen. [2] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O 2, which is ...

  8. Structure–activity relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure–activity...

    The structure–activity relationship (SAR) is the relationship between the chemical structure of a molecule and its biological activity.This idea was first presented by Alexander Crum Brown and Thomas Richard Fraser at least as early as 1868.

  9. Reactivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity

    Reactivity may refer to: Reactivity (chemistry) , the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction Reactive programming , a property of an execution model whereby changes are automatically propagated through a dataflow network