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In 3-dimensional geometry and vector calculus, an area vector is a vector combining an area quantity with a direction, thus representing an oriented area in three dimensions. Every bounded surface in three dimensions can be associated with a unique area vector called its vector area .
In mathematics and physics, vector notation is a commonly used notation for representing vectors, [1] [2] which may be Euclidean vectors, or more generally, members of a vector space. For denoting a vector, the common typographic convention is lower case, upright boldface type, as in v .
In mathematics and physics, a vector space (also called a linear space) is a set whose elements, often called vectors, can be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers called scalars. The operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain requirements, called vector axioms.
A vector pointing from A to B. In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector or simply a vector (sometimes called a geometric vector [1] or spatial vector [2]) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction. Euclidean vectors can be added and scaled to form a vector space.
The cross product with respect to a right-handed coordinate system. In mathematics, the cross product or vector product (occasionally directed area product, to emphasize its geometric significance) is a binary operation on two vectors in a three-dimensional oriented Euclidean vector space (named here ), and is denoted by the symbol .
Given a finite-dimensional vector space over a field with a symmetric bilinear form (the inner product, [b] e.g., the Euclidean or Lorentzian metric) : , the geometric algebra of the quadratic space (,) is the Clifford algebra (,) , an element of which is called a multivector.
Special cases are called the real line R 1, the real coordinate plane R 2, and the real coordinate three-dimensional space R 3. With component-wise addition and scalar multiplication, it is a real vector space. The coordinates over any basis of the elements of a real vector space form a real coordinate space of the same dimension as that of the ...
A vector space with an orientation selected is called an oriented vector space, while one not having an orientation selected, is called unoriented. In mathematics , orientability is a broader notion that, in two dimensions, allows one to say when a cycle goes around clockwise or counterclockwise, and in three dimensions when a figure is left ...