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A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
Definition. In formal terms, a directed graph is an ordered pair G = (V, A) where [1] A is a set of ordered pairs of vertices, called arcs, directed edges (sometimes simply edges with the corresponding set named E instead of A), arrows, or directed lines. It differs from an ordinary or undirected graph, in that the latter is defined in terms of ...
A directed graph with three vertices and four directed edges (the double arrow represents an edge in each direction). A directed graph or digraph is a graph in which edges have orientations. In one restricted but very common sense of the term, [5] a directed graph is an ordered pair = (,) comprising:
The shortest path problem can be defined for graphs whether undirected, directed, or mixed. Here it is defined for undirected graphs; for directed graphs the definition of path requires that consecutive vertices be connected by an appropriate directed edge. [2] Two vertices are adjacent when they are both incident to a common edge.
An ancestral graph is a further extension, having directed, bidirected and undirected edges. [4] Random field techniques A Markov random field, also known as a Markov network, is a model over an undirected graph. A graphical model with many repeated subunits can be represented with plate notation.
A directed graph with three vertices (blue circles) and three edges (black arrows). In computer science, a graph is an abstract data type that is meant to implement the undirected graph and directed graph concepts from the field of graph theory within mathematics. A graph data structure consists of a finite (and possibly mutable) set of ...
Adjacency matrix. In graph theory and computer science, an adjacency matrix is a square matrix used to represent a finite graph. The elements of the matrix indicate whether pairs of vertices are adjacent or not in the graph. In the special case of a finite simple graph, the adjacency matrix is a (0,1)-matrix with zeros on its diagonal.
Line graph. In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the line graph of an undirected graph G is another graph L (G) that represents the adjacencies between edges of G. L (G) is constructed in the following way: for each edge in G, make a vertex in L (G); for every two edges in G that have a vertex in common, make an edge between their ...