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The lysosome's hydrolases degrade the autophagosome-delivered contents and its inner membrane. [3] The formation of autophagosomes is regulated by genes that are well-conserved from yeast to higher eukaryotes. The nomenclature of these genes has differed from paper to paper, but it has been simplified in recent years.
ATG may be part of the protein name (such as ATG7) or part of the gene name (such as ATG7), [53] although all ATG proteins and genes do not follow this pattern (such as ULK1). [52] To give specific examples, the UKL1 enzyme (kinase complex) induces autophagosome biogenesis, and ATG13 (Autophagy-related protein 13) is required for phagosome ...
Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (hereafter referred to as LC3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP1LC3B gene. [5] LC3 is a central protein in the autophagy pathway where it functions in autophagy substrate selection and autophagosome biogenesis. LC3 is the most widely used marker of autophagosomes. [6]
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATG5 gene located on chromosome 6.It is an E3 ubi autophagic cell death.ATG5 is a key protein involved in the extension of the phagophoric membrane in autophagic vesicles.
AuTophaGy related 1 (Atg1) is a 101.7kDa serine/threonine kinase in S.cerevisiae, encoded by the gene ATG1. [1] It is essential for the initial building of the autophagosome and Cvt vesicles. In a non-kinase role it is - through complex formation with Atg13 and Atg17 - directly controlled by the TOR kinase, a sensor for nutrient availability.
Autophagy-related protein 13 also known as ATG13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA0652 gene. [5]ATG13 is an autophagy factor required for phagosome formation. . ATG13 is a target of the TOR kinase signaling pathway that regulates autophagy through phosphorylation of ATG13 and ULK1, and the regulation of the ATG13-ULK1-RB1CC1 comp
After finishing vesicle expansion, the autophagosome is ready for fusion with the lysosome and Atg8 can either be released from the membrane for recycling (see below) or gets degraded in the autolysosome if left uncleaved. ATG8 is also required for a different autophagy-related process called the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. [14]
Autophagy related 16 like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATG16L1 gene. [5] This protein is characterized as a subunit of the autophagy-related ATG12-ATG5/ATG16 complex and is essentially important for the LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation. This complex localizes to the membrane and is released just before or after ...