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A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic).
Both of these are modeled quite well as tiny loops of current called magnetic dipoles that produce their own magnetic field and are affected by external magnetic fields. The most elementary force between magnets is the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction. If all magnetic dipoles for each magnet are known then the net force on both magnets can ...
This allows a simple classification, into two categories, of most materials' responses to an applied magnetic field: an alignment with the magnetic field, χ > 0, called paramagnetism, or an alignment against the field, χ < 0, called diamagnetism. Magnetic susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted into or repelled out of a ...
Diamagnetism is the property of materials that are repelled by a magnetic field; an applied magnetic field creates an induced magnetic field in them in the opposite direction, causing a repulsive force. In contrast, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials are attracted by a magnetic field.
As uranium decays into lead, their relative amounts change; this is the basis for uranium–lead dating. [47] Lead-207 exhibits nuclear magnetic resonance, a property that has been used to study its compounds in solution and solid state, [48] [49] including in the human body. [50]
A large diversity of mechanical means are used to separate magnetic materials. [2] During magnetic separation, magnets are situated inside two separator drums which bear liquids. Due to the magnets, magnetic particles are being drifted by the movement of the drums. This can create a magnetic concentrate (e.g. an ore concentrate). [2]
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Where is the z-component of the magnetic moment for each Zeeman level, so = is called the Bohr magneton and g J is the Landé g-factor, which reduces to the free-electron g-factor, g S when J = S. (in this treatment, we assume that the x - and y -components of the magnetization, averaged over all molecules, cancel out because the field applied ...