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Diabetic retinopathy (also known as diabetic eye disease) is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries and one of the lead causes of sight loss in the world, even though there are many new therapies and improved treatments for helping people live with diabetes.
In one recent study, less than one in 10 (8%) Australian children between the ages of four and 12 were found to have myopia greater than −0.50 diopters. [151] A recent review found 16% of Australians aged 40 or older have at least −1.00 diopters of myopia and 3% have at least −5.00 diopters.
Such mechanisms are inter-related, as one's thoughts (e.g. one's perception of diabetes, or one's appraisal of how helpful self-management is) is likely to relate to one's emotions (e.g. motivation to change), which in turn, affects one's self-efficacy (one's confidence in their ability to engage in a behaviour to achieve a desired outcome). [64]
Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception.In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment, visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks, including reading and walking. [6]
Drugs used in diabetes treat types of diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of insulin , most GLP-1 receptor agonists ( liraglutide , exenatide , and others), and pramlintide , all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents.
Studies with monkeys show that injecting high-insulin-producing forms of these cells into the animals can “cure” type-1 diabetes for about six months. Human trials are underway.
People with certain eye diseases involving the cornea or retina, pregnant women, and patients who have medical conditions such as glaucoma, diabetes, uncontrolled vascular disease, or autoimmune disease are not good candidates for refractive surgery. Keratoconus, a progressive thinning of the cornea, is a common corneal disorder.
At the end of the study period, some 19,000 participants reported they received a Type 2 diabetes diagnosis over the years, while 112,000 people overall reported their dark and milk chocolate intake.