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Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. [4] Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used for robot navigation, [5] and sodar (an upward-looking in-air sonar
Synthetic-aperture sonar (SAS) is a form of sonar in which sophisticated post-processing of sonar data is used in ways closely analogous to synthetic-aperture radar. Synthetic-aperture sonars combine a number of acoustic pings to form an image with much higher along-track resolution than conventional sonars.
Sonar systems are generally used underwater for range finding and detection. Active sonar emits an acoustic signal, or pulse of sound, into the water. The sound bounces off the target object and returns an echo to the sonar transducer. Unlike active sonar, passive sonar does not emit its own signal, which is an advantage for military vessels.
Fixed search radar, stripped-down version of AN/CPS-6B: AN/FPS-12: Surveillance radar supporting Downrange Anti-missile Measurement Program : USAS American Mariner: AN/FPS-14: S-band medium-range low-altitude search Radar: Bendix Corporation: AN/FPS-16: Ground-based monopulse single object tracking radar (SOTR) NASA, US Air Force, US Army
AN/APS-21 search radar by Westinghouse Electric (1886) for part of AN/APQ-35 for Douglas F3D Skynight and Gloster Meteor NF; AN/APS-23 search radar by Western Electric for Convair B-36 North American B-45C Tornado Boeing B-47E Stratojet B-50 Superfortress B-52 Stratofortress Lockheed C-130 Hercules and Boeing C-135 Stratolifter part of AN/ASB-3
These generally use navigational radar frequencies, but modulate the pulse so the receiver can determine the type of surface of the reflector. The best general-purpose radars distinguish the rain of heavy storms, as well as land and vehicles. Some can superimpose sonar and map data from GPS position.