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Given n random integers drawn from a discrete uniform distribution with range [1,d], what is the probability p(n; d) that at least two numbers are the same? (d = 365 gives the usual birthday problem.) [15] The generic results can be derived using the same arguments given above.
It is a hard (and often open) problem to calculate the minimum number of tickets one needs to purchase to guarantee that at least one of these tickets matches at least 2 numbers. In the 5-from-90 lotto, the minimum number of tickets that can guarantee a ticket with at least 2 matches is 100. [3]
A powerful balls-into-bins paradigm is the "power of two random choices [2]" where each ball chooses two (or more) random bins and is placed in the lesser-loaded bin. This paradigm has found wide practical applications in shared-memory emulations, efficient hashing schemes, randomized load balancing of tasks on servers, and routing of packets ...
The probability is sometimes written to distinguish it from other functions and measure P to avoid having to define "P is a probability" and () is short for ({: ()}), where is the event space, is a random variable that is a function of (i.e., it depends upon ), and is some outcome of interest within the domain specified by (say, a particular ...
A probability is a way of assigning every event a value between zero and one, with the requirement that the event made up of all possible results (in our example, the event {1,2,3,4,5,6}) is assigned a value of one. To qualify as a probability, the assignment of values must satisfy the requirement that for any collection of mutually exclusive ...
Graphs of probability P of not observing independent events each of probability p after n Bernoulli trials vs np for various p.Three examples are shown: Blue curve: Throwing a 6-sided die 6 times gives a 33.5% chance that 6 (or any other given number) never turns up; it can be observed that as n increases, the probability of a 1/n-chance event never appearing after n tries rapidly converges to 0.
The probability generating function of an almost surely constant random variable, i.e. one with (=) = and () = is G ( z ) = z c . {\displaystyle G(z)=z^{c}.} The probability generating function of a binomial random variable , the number of successes in n {\displaystyle n} trials, with probability p {\displaystyle p} of success in each trial, is
Then a coupling of and is a new probability space (,,) over which there are two random variables and such that has the same distribution as while has the same distribution as . An interesting case is when Y 1 {\displaystyle Y_{1}} and Y 2 {\displaystyle Y_{2}} are not independent.