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The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition (2009) James R. Edwards (born 1945) is an American New Testament scholar. [ 1 ] His primary research interests include Biblical studies and the history of the early church [ broken anchor ] , with secondary interests in the Reformation and history of the twentieth-century German ...
The phrase "according to tradition" or "by tradition" usually means that the information that follows is known only through oral tradition, and is not supported (and perhaps may be refuted) by physical documentation, artifacts, or other reliable evidence. "Tradition" refers to the
In 1986, Nicholas Lash criticised James's Varieties, challenging James's separation of the personal and institutional. Lash argues that religious geniuses such as St. Paul or Jesus, with whom James was particularly interested, did not have their religious experiences in isolation but within and influenced by a social and historical context. [27]
Psychologist and philosopher William James (1842–1910) described four characteristics of mystical experience in The Varieties of Religious Experience (1901/1902). According to James, such an experience is: Transient – the experience is temporary; the individual soon returns to a "normal" frame of mind. Feels outside normal perception of ...
The theory of oral tradition encountered early resistance from scholars who perceived it as potentially supporting either one side or another in the controversy between what were known as "unitarians" and "analysts"—that is, scholars who believed Homer to have been a single, historical figure, and those who saw him as a conceptual "author ...
Kenneth Bailey was another scholar who made a tremendous mark on par with Kelber on the study of the Oral Gospel Traditions. First published in 1991, Bailey's essay "Informal Controlled Oral Tradition and the Synoptic Gospels" presented a model of oral tradition based on contemporary traditions in the Middle East, which Bailey gathered first-hand.
Transiency. James notes that most mystical experiences have a short occurrence, but their effect persists. [41] Passivity. According to James, mystics come to their peak experience not as active seekers, but as passive recipients. [41] James recognised the broad variety of mystical schools and conflicting doctrines both within and between ...
The ritual view of communication is a communications theory proposed by James W. Carey, wherein communication–the construction of a symbolic reality–represents, maintains, adapts, and shares the beliefs of a society in time.